• Although our knowledge of how FAs affect GLP

  2021-11-24

  

  Although our knowledge of how FAs affect GLP-1-producing L-cells is sparse and incomplete, increased intracellular ceramide [6], ER stress [12], and increased production of ROS [9] are indicated mediators of the lipotoxicity induced by SFA (16:0). However, the role for/interaction between these medi

• br Conflict of interest br Acknowledgments The research was

  2021-11-24

  

  Conflict of interest Acknowledgments The research was funded by the Major Programs of Pharmaceutical research project of Jiangsu Province (Q2018044). Introduction Lipids are important regulators of cell death. In mammalian cells, both apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death pathways can be

• β-Pompilidotoxin DNA methylation is a kind of

  2021-11-23

  

  DNA methylation is a kind of epigenetic modifications that can be described as a heritable alteration in gene expression, without any changes in the DNA sequence. Recent evidences suggest that the regulation of DNA methylation status is a frequent and early event in prostate carcinogenesis. For exam

• siRNA construction and transfection For small interfering RN

  2021-11-23

  

  siRNA construction and transfection. For small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments, we used Stealth™ select RNAi oligonucleotides targeted against GPR120 (Gibco/Invitrogen). The target sequence of siGPR120 used were; sense 5′-AAGUGGGUGCGAUUGACUUGGUCCA-3′ and antisense 5′-UGGACCAAGUCAAUCGCACCCACUU-3′

• br AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS br ACKNOWLEDGMENTS br

  2021-11-23

  

  AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Introduction Chronic neuropathic pain is a common symptom in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. Glycoprotein 120 (gp120) is an HIV-1 protein that can cause pain behaviors in animal models (Hao, 2013, Nasirinezhad et al., 2015,

• One possible pathway summarizing the overall action involves

  2021-11-23

  

  One possible pathway summarizing the overall action involves NMDA receptor activation – Ca2+ influx – protein kinase A (PKA) activation – ERK phosphorylation and subsequent synaptic plasticity (Thomas and Huganir, 2004). A few studies have also shown modulation of synaptic glutamate transporters in

• br NMDA receptor LBDs The study of GluA

  2021-11-23

  

  NMDA receptor LBDs The study of GluA2 was later expanded to include NMDA receptors [22]. NMDA receptors are obligate heterotetramers that are composed of two glutamate-binding subunits and two glycine-, or d-serine-, binding subunits. In this study, crystal structures of the NMDA receptor glycine

• br Cell origin The ontogeny of astrocytes

  2021-11-23

  

  Cell origin The ontogeny of astrocytes in vitro has been investigated in detail; Raff et al. (1983) characterised two types of astrocytes: type 1 being fibroblast-like in morphology and poorly labelled with a monoclonal antibody (AB25), whereas type 2 exhibited oligodendrocyte or neuron-like morp

• Atropine synthesis br Central control of GI ghrelin secretio

  2021-11-23

  

  Central control of GI ghrelin secretion The CNS communicates with the GI tract through the vagus nerve originating in the DMV and sympathetic spinal afferents emanating from the thoracic spinal chord (Bray, 2000). The cells that secrete peripheral ghrelin are under direct control of these two pat

• The effects of galanin on anxiety may depend

  2021-11-23

  

  The effects of galanin on anxiety may depend on the site of drug administration, on the galanin receptor subtypes activated and on the animal models of anxiety employed (Barrera et al., 2005, Holmes and Picciotto, 2006, Soares et al., 2016a, Soares et al., 2016b). For instance, administration of gal

• Furthermore we observed a striking difference

  2021-11-22

  

  Furthermore, we observed a striking difference between BR 11257 and activators from the dicarboxylic zilpaterol australia type in thermofluor measurements on thermostability. The dicarboxylic acids cinaciguat [30] and BAY 60-2770 (see Fig. 3) induced a significant melting temperature increase of sGC

• Despite the association with asthma it is not

  2021-11-22

  

  Despite the association with asthma, it is not surprising that we did not find a relation between the percent predicted FEV1 and SNPs in GSNOR. FEV1 measured on a routine clinic visit is likely to be normal in most asthmatic children. FEV1 in children reflects a complex mix of factors in the growth

• It is well known that O

  2021-11-22

  

  It is well known that 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is a tumor promoting agent of skin carcinogenesis in rodents [12]. TPA stimulates a variety of cellular functions in cancer cells, including cell motile activity [13], [14]. In our recent study, when liver epithelial cells were treated

• Acknowledgments We would like to thank Dr Greg

  2021-11-22

  

  Acknowledgments We would like to thank Dr. Greg Morriello, Mr. Lehua Chang, Mr. Chris Moyes and Mr. Nam Fung Kar for intermediate 3 syntheses. Cheng Zhu would like to thank Dr. Milana Maletic, Mr. Kake Zhao and Mrs. Wanying Sun for helpful discussions. Introduction Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-

• Compound was synthesized starting from

  2021-11-22

  

  Compound was synthesized starting from α-cyclopropyl glycine (). After protection of the free amine via methyl carbamate and esterification to the methyl ester, the pyrrolidine core was furnished by condensation with methyl acrylate under basic conditions. Double deprotonation of the pyrrolidine fo

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