• The conversion of lactose to GOS by gal

  2022-01-06

  

  The conversion of lactose to GOS by β-gal involves the same transglycosylation mechanism used by most glycoside hydrolases (GHs). This mechanism (Fig. 1) involves an enzyme-bound intermediate and consists of two processes: glycosylation and deglycosylation (Adlercreutz, 2017). The glycosylation proc

• Both anxiety like behavior and

  2022-01-06

  

  Both anxiety-like behavior and sucrose preference/intake were reduced in GPR40/FFAR1 KO male mice, while social behavior was normal in KO mice. These findings indicate that brain GPR40/FFAR1 is involved in the modulation of anxiety- and depression-like behavior in rodents. Previous studies have demo

• The exact mechanism by which N

  2022-01-06

  

  The exact mechanism by which N-BPs inhibit FPPS remains unclear. Computer modeling [10] suggests that N-BPs mimic the structure of the enzyme’s natural isoprenoid pyrophosphate substrates, geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP)/dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) or act as carbocation transition state analogs

• The anti platelet functions of ZGR were

  2022-01-06

  

  The anti-platelet functions of ZGR were confirmed by the mechanistic studies such as the activation of PKC, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, and the expressions of P-selectin and PAC-1. Further, rivaroxaban prolonged the generation of thrombin and reduced the thrombin burst produced in the propagati

• br Introduction Thrombosis is one of

  2022-01-06

  

  Introduction Thrombosis is one of the leading causes of deaths in the cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction (MI), unstable SecinH3 and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in developed countries [1], [2]. It is estimated that venous thromboembolism (VTE) afflicts about 1 million (1–2 pe

• Antigen presentation of incoming viral particles

  2022-01-06

  

  Antigen presentation of incoming viral particles has been well studied for diverse viruses in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), mostly in dendritic cells and macrophages in the context of the exogenous antigens’ pathway to prime the CD8+ T cells. However, CD4+ T cells are not known as efficient APCs,

• Newly identified evidence has put immune checkpoint inhibito

  2022-01-06

  

  Newly identified evidence has put immune checkpoint inhibitors into the spotlight. However, even though they have been reported to achieve optimistic outcomes [67], there is still a provocative question about their limitations [68]. The solid evidence above has provided us with translational values

• br Methods br Involvement of HO in rheumatic diseases br

  2022-01-06

  

  Methods Involvement of HO-1 in rheumatic diseases Therapeutic strategy targeted HO-1 Based on the researches focusing on the effect of HO-1 in rheumatic diseases, amount of approaches targeting regulation of HO-1 have been arising (See Table 1 for summary). It has been shown that different

• In mammals meiotic maturation is the process that

  2022-01-05

  

  In mammals, meiotic maturation is the process that couples completion of MI with the acquisition of developmental competence to support fertilization (Figure 1). In females there are several hallmark maturation events that are linked to the cell cycle. First, meiosis is not continuous, it is initiat

• Cdc is also linked to the adherens junction

  2022-01-05

  

  Cdc42 is also linked to the adherens junction via IQGAP1, however, it appears to have an opposite effect on junctional stability. When Cdc42 is inactive, IQGAP1 binds to β-catenin, displacing α-catenin, resulting in the loss of α-catenin-linked Tyrphostin 9 filaments from the adherens junction and

• LY500307 GSTP is a class Glutathione S transferase GST

  2022-01-05

  

  GSTP1 is a π-class Glutathione S-transferase (GST-π) enzyme involved in tumor suppression by protecting LY500307 against genomic damage mediated by various oxidants. Although the loss of GSTP1 function by hypermethylation has been reported as a common epigenetic alteration in prostate carcinogenesi

• Molecular modeling studies also revealed insignificant diffe

  2022-01-05

  

  Molecular modeling studies also revealed insignificant differences in ligand-receptor interaction energies between R and S enantiomers of LPCs or their 2-OMe-analogues, suggesting that enantiomers of a particular structure should exert similar GPR119-mediated biological effect. Indeed, when studied

• During the structural transition the

  2022-01-05

  

  During the structural transition, the FD, the PHD and the TrD retain their tertiary structure. Nevertheless, they undergo large rearrangements in their relative orientation due to secondary changes in hinge segments (R1 to R5) which refold during the low-pH induced conformational change. Particularl

• br Author contribution br Declaration of interest

  2022-01-05

  

  Author contribution Declaration of interest Acknowledgements This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 81473093) and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM1601ZZ-02). Introduction Diabetes represents a majo

• The primary requirements of an ideal bioprobe for glucose

  2022-01-05

  

  The primary requirements of an ideal bioprobe for glucose transporter-mediated bioimaging include high specificity, sensitivity as well as low cytotoxicity [18]. According to these concepts, we recently reported the simple amide linked glycoconjugates which containing cyanine fluorophores (Cy3 and C

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